Association Between XRCC1 and WRN as Genetic Markers of Stability and Susceptibility to Cancer in Patients with HIV/AIDS and Cancer: a Cross-Sectional Study

Background: HIV-induced immunodeficiency has been implicated as a key factor for risk of cancer. Neoplasia is considered to result from accumulation of damage to the genome. Polymorphisms in repair genes, such as the XRCC1 and WRN, have been associated with susceptibility to development of cancer in patients with HIV/AIDS. The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency of polymorphisms in XRCC1 (Arg399Gln) and WRN (Cys1367Arg) in patients with HIV/AIDS with or without cancer. Materials and Methods: Genotyping for analysis of polymorphisms was carried out by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism). Results: In the genotypic and allelic analysis, no increased risk of cancer was observed with any genotype or allele of XRCC1 (Arg399Gln) singly (prevalence ratio 2.82; p-value= 0.24). However, with the WRN (Cys1367Arg) gene, the heterozygous genotype and arginine allele were associated with increased risk (prevalence ratio= 25.62; p-value= 0.0001). Correlation analysis showed no association between gender and the risk (male p-value= 0.639 and women p-value> 1); however, a positive association for the increased risk of cancer was shown with XRCC1 (Arg399Arg) wild-type homozygous and WRN (Cys1367Arg) heterozygous (p-value< 0.001), with heterozygous XRCC1 (Arg399Gln) and WRN (Cys1367Arg) (p-value< 0.001), and with variant homozygous XRCC1 (Gln399Gln) and heterozygous WRN (Cys1367Arg) (p-value< 0.001). Conclusions: There is no increased risk of cancer in patients who are HIV/AIDS carriers of the XRCC1 (Arg399Gln) gene singly. However, there is a high risk in patients with HIV/AIDS who have the heterozygous genotype and the arginine allele in the WRN (Cys1367Arg) gene singly. Those with WRN (Cys1367Arg) heterozygote genotype showed a high risk of cancer with all genotypes of the XRCC1 (Arg399Gln) gene.

Study of Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors in Patients with HIV/AIDS and Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The NCR receptors play a fundamental role in the cytotoxicity mediated by NK cells against tumor cells. In the current study, we investigated possible HIV/AIDS-related changes in the expression of the NCR receptors comparing healthy donors, HIV/AIDS patients, and HIV/AIDS patients with cancer (HIV/AIDSWC). The NCRs were quantified in NK cells (NK(dim) and NK(bright)) and T lymphocytes from peripheral blood samples by flow cytometry. We found a significant decrease in the frequency of NK cells expressing NKp46 in HIV/AIDS group (p = 0.0012). There was a decrease in the frequency of NK cells expressing NKp46 in the HIV/AIDSWC group; however, this was not statistically significant. We found a significant decrease in the frequency of NK cells expressing NKp30 in the HIV/AIDS group (p = 0.0144). There was a decrease in the frequency of NK cells expressing NKp30 and in the HIV/AIDSWC group, but this was not statistically significant. There were no changes in the distribution of NK cells and their subtypes in both groups.

Estudo do desempenho comercial dos insumos farmacêuticos vegetais sob a ótica do comércio exterior / Study of commercial performance of pharmaceutical drugs vegetables in a foreign trade optics

Os medicamentos fitoterápicos são produtos naturais obtidos de plantas medicinais a partir de um conhecimento a respeito das atividades terapêuticas destes. As vendas desta indústria crescem através do surgimento de novos produtos e medicamentos inovadores. Entretanto, a dificuldade do Brasil em promover inovação a partir dos fitoterápicos se mostra conflitante em um país de grande potencial em biodiversidade e excelentes condições ambientais. Desta maneira, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o desempenho comercial dos insumos farmacêuticos vegetais no Brasil. Para proceder à investigação, foram utilizados dados secundários de exportação/importação disponíveis no Sistema de Análise das Informações de Comércio Exterior via Internet (ALICEweb, 2015). Os valores analisados de exportação e importação de insumos farmacêuticos vegetais no período de janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2014 demonstram que o Brasil apresenta grande dependência externa. Diversos são os elementos que condicionam tal comportamento. No âmbito deste artigo é dado ênfase ao perfil produtivo, P&D e aparato regulatório. Portanto, a partir desta reflexão é observada a necessidade do desenvolvimento de políticas públicas para o estímulo da produção dos insumos farmacêuticos vegetais de alto valor agregado e a adoção de estratégias para o fortalecimento da sua base produtiva. Além da necessidade de flexibilização nos marcos regulatórios explanados de maneira que priorizem a segurança e a qualidade dos fitoterápicos provenientes destes insumos.(AU)

Herbal medicines are natural products derived from medicinal plants from knowledge of the therapeutic activities of these. Sales of this industry grow through the emergence of new products and innovative medicines. However, the difficulty of Brazil to promote innovation from herbal is conflicting in a country of great potential in biodiversity and excellent environmental conditions. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate the trade performance of active pharmaceutical ingredients plant in Brazil. To conduct research, secondary data of exportation / importation were used and they are available in the Sistema de Análise das Informações de Comércio Exterior via Internet (Aliceweb, 2015). The analyzed values of exports and imports of vegetable pharmaceutical ingredients from January 2002 to December 2014 show that Brazil has great external dependence. There are several elements that influence such behavior. Within this article is emphasized the productive profile, P&D and regulatory apparatus. Therefore, from this reflection is observed the need to develop public policies to stimulate the production of vegetables pharmaceutical ingredients with high added value and the adoption of strategies to strengthen its production base. Besides the need for flexibility in the regulatory framework explained in ways that prioritize the safety and quality of herbal medicines from these inputs.(AU)